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Committees SSP - Sampling & Sample Processing samples@erga-biodiversity.eu More > DAC - Data Analysis Committee analysis@erga-biodiversity.eu More > Media & Communications media@erga-biodiversity.eu More > Social Justice Committee socialjustice@erga-biodiversity.eu More > SAC - Sequencing and Assembly Committee assembly@erga-biodiversity.eu More > ITIC - IT & Infrastructure Committee itinfra@erga-biodiversity.eu More > CS - Citizen Science citizenscience@erga-biodiversity.eu More > Annotation Committee annotation@erga-biodiversity.eu More > ELSI - Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues elsi@erga-biodiversity.eu More > TKT - Training and Knowledge Transfer training@erga-biodiversity.eu More >

media@erga-biodiversity.eu < Back Media & Communications media@erga-biodiversity.eu The Media & Communications Committee is responsible for communicating ERGA's goals, actions, and accomplishments internally and externally. Our committee produces newsletters, press releases, blog-posts, manages the website, and maintains social media accounts. We are responsible for developing communication strategies, implementing plans for publicising ERGA events and activities, and ensuring that all relevant information is disseminated in a timely and accurate manner. It is our responsibility to raise awareness about ERGA both inside and outside the scientific community, in order to encourage more people to support and join our community and contribute to our mission. Coordinators Christian de Guttry Luísa Marins Steering Committee Alice Mouton Jan Zwilling Follow #ERGA ! Stay connected! Follow us on social media for updates and insights. 🌍 https://linktr.ee/erga_biodiversity #Genomes for #Biodiversity When genomes meet local knowledge ERGA News #38 - May 2026 ERGA Newsletter Building shared standards for biodiversity genomics in Europe Press Releases

assembly@erga-biodiversity.eu < Back SAC - Sequencing and Assembly Committee assembly@erga-biodiversity.eu The Sequencing and Assembly Committee (SAC) fosters collaboration across the ERGA community by coordinating efforts and providing a platform to exchange ideas on genome sequencing and assembly methods. This inclusive framework helps bring together new and affiliated projects under the ERGA umbrella. Working closely with other committees, genome projects, and consortia, SAC promotes and ensures visibility of up-to-date workflows and standardised pipelines, supporting their alignment with Earth Biogenomes Project (EBP) mission and quality requirements while contributing to their development and adaptation. The committee focuses on end-to-end laboratory and analytical practices that deliver high-quality data for ERGA assemblies, including DNA extraction, library preparation and sequencing across platforms, as well as bioinformatic procedures for integrating data to generate high-quality genomes. The committee encourages the sharing of standardised SOPs, guidance, and troubleshooting advice. In addition, SAC develops and maintains a framework for assembly evaluation to ensure quality standards are met and complex cases are addressed through community feedback, thereby supporting continuous improvement and knowledge sharing. ( V.2.0 01.12.2025) Chair Tyler Alioto Coordinator Diego de Panis Steering Committee Camila Mazzoni Henrik Lantz Jean-Marc Aury Kerstin Howe Nadège Guiglielmoni Looking for assistance and guidance with how to assemble a genome? The Sequencing and Assembly Committee can help! Join our Slack Channel! Here you can post your questions and start conversations with the Sequencing and Assembly community from the ERGA consortium. Use our resources! Here we have a collection of Genome Assembly Workshops collected and curated by the members of the ERGA SAC. Join our mailing list! Send an email to assembly@erga-biodiversity.eu to join the ERGA Sequencing and Assembly mailing list and get regular updates about the activities of the SAC. Present at our meetings! Send and email to assembly@erga-biodiversity.eu to request a slot to present at a SAC meeting if you would like feedback on your project. We can advise on steps to improve an assembly or potential pipelines that you may find useful. Resources 💡 ERGA Knowledge Hub ▶️ ERGA SAC Youtube Playlist 🔗 Galaxy workflow for de-novo genome assembly using PacBio HiFi and HiC data 🔗 Galaxy workflow for de-novo genome assembly using ONT, Illumina WGS and HiC data When genomes meet local knowledge ERGA News #38 - May 2026 ERGA Newsletter Building shared standards for biodiversity genomics in Europe Press Releases

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Biodiversity Genomics Europe (BGE) The Biodiversity Genomics Europe Project has the overriding aim of accelerating the use of genomic science to enhance understanding of biodiversity, monitor biodiversity change, and guide interventions to address its decline. The BGE Project comprises activities focused on DNA Barcoding (Barcoding Stream) and Reference Genome Generation (Genomes Stream) for eukaryotic species across Europe, bringing together two European networks: iBOL Europe and the European Reference Genome Atlas (ERGA). The ERGA Stream of BGE The Genomes Stream of BGE, as the European node of the Earth BioGenome Project (EBP) , aims to establish and implement large-scale biodiversity genomic data generation pipelines to accelerate the production and accessibility of reference-quality, complete genome sequences for species across the whole of European biodiversity. The output will support applications in the fields of: biodiversity characterisation, conservation, and biomonitoring. The Genomes Stream focuses on generating reference-quality genomes from critical European biodiversity, biodiversity hotspots, pollinators, and a selection of applied case studies. BGE-ERGA Stream Work Packages: BGE-ERGA News Connections Booklet: Discovering Biodiversity Genomics From Peaks to Parks: Citizen Scientists Join Bulgaria’s Genomic Quest for Biodiversity Wings, Bees, and Barcodes: Citizen Scientists Support Pollinator Genomics in Cyprus Partner Institutions Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research University of Lausanne University of Florence Cibio Genomescope 6 7 8 600x600logos_hackathon_sponsors_logos2 bge_erga-inst_LOGOS(7) CSIC University of Oslo 14 16 bge_erga-inst_LOGOS(2) bge_erga-inst_LOGOS(3) Sanger Earlham Institute bge_erga-inst_LOGOS(5) bge_erga-inst_LOGOS(6) Discover the whole BGE network

Structural annotation - So you want to annotate protein-coding genes in your genome? Version 1.0 - August 2023 Top of Page 1. Before you start 2. Do you want to do your own annotation? 3. Evaluate your Annotation 4. Finalise your Annotation Authors : Alice Dennis, Jèssica Gómez, Leanne Haggerty, Lucile Soler, Aureliano Bombarley, Henrik Lantz, Florian Maumus, Hugues Roest Crollius, Fergal Martin, Jean-Marc Aury, Christian deGuttry, Robert Waterhouse, and the ERGA Annotation committee . STEP 1 - Before you start Step 1a: Be sur e the a ssembly is done and you are working with a frozen/stable version! Tabl e 1: Genome assembly evaluation before annotation. Rationale: Low consensus accuracy, incomplete genomes, and contamin ations lead to po or annotation. It is thus essential to evaluate your genome before you start the annotation process. 1. Consensus Accuracy and assembly completeness evaluated (suggestion: Merqury) 2.Gene space complet eness evaluated by: a. Conserved gene space (suggestion: BUSCO ) b. RNA-Seq mappig (suggestion: STA R /Minimap2 ) 3. Organelle/Contamination screening and removal: a. Organelle Genomes( suggestion: Minimap2 ) b. Contaminations (suggestion: BlobTools ) 4. Unc ollapsed duplication for the consensus haploid assembly (suggestion: purge_dups ) 5. Full THE completeness evaluated with the LAI (suggestion: LTR_Retriever ) 6. Does Your genome meet E BP standards ? Step 1b: Is your assembly done? If yes go to Step 1C , if no go to Table 1 . Step 1c: Is the assembly publicly available? Public release is necessary for annotation by Ensembl. If yes go to Step 1d, if no, go to Step 2. Step 1d: Is the public assembly linked to ERGA? If yes, go to Step 1f. If no, go to Step 1e Step 1f: This will make the assembly available for annotation at Ensembl rapid provided that relevant transcriptomic data are also publicly available (ENA). Step 1e : Instructions on how to link your project to ERGA STEP 2 - Do you want to do your own annotation? S tep 2a: Do you want to do your own annotation? If yes, go to Step 2b Step 2b: Gather all available Evidence data: Transcriptomic and protein datasets to support the annotation process. Table 2: Evaluation of your evidence data: the accuracy of the genome annotation process is very sensitive to the amount and quality of your evidence data. 1. RNA-Seq transcriptomic data a. Mapping evaluation (suggestion STAR ). b. Transcript models (suggestion: StringTie ). c. Gene space completeness (suggestion: BUSCO ). 2. Protein d ataset a. Gene space compl eteness (suggestion: BUSCO ). b. Percentage of full protein alignments (suggestion: Spaln ). 3. I soSeq transc riptomic data a. Mapping evaluation (suggestion: Minimap2 ). b. Transcript models (suggestion : StringTie ). c.Gene space completeness (suggestion: BUSCO ). Done? If yes, go to Step 2c . Step 2c : Repeat prediction. ERGA recommends: Repeat Modeler2 , Repeat Masker , Protein Excluder, TEclass , PASTEC , TEdenovo . Done? If yes, go to Step 2d . Step 2d : Ab initio training and prediction. ERGA recommends: AUGUSTUS and Gene Mark-ET/EP/ETP. Step 2e : Gene modelling. ERGA recommends: TSEBRA (BRAKER based predictions), Evidence Modeler , and MAKER . Done? For an evaluation of your evidence data go back to Table 2 . Once done, you are ready for the final quality and contamination check and you can go to Step 3a . STEP 3 - Evaluate your annotation Step 3a : Evaluate your annotation. There is no temporal order for the following suggestions: Step 3b : MAKER eAED scores. Step 3c : Gene family analysis. Step 3d : Genome visualization: 1. IGV ; 2. A pollo (manual curation); 3. EasyGB (JBrowser for a simple dataset). Step 3e : Generate basic gene model summary statistics and compare with related species. Step 3f : BUSCO , visual inspection in browser in context with evidence. Step 3g : Use mapped reads to estimate: 1. How many apparently transcribed regions don't have annotation?; 2. How many genes or exons are supported by read data? Step 3h : Compare gene content to related species with similar annotation approach. Happy with the metrics assessment of each of the parameters for which the annotation has been evaluated? Remember that some of them may depend on the phyla. This is your DIY annotation v1. Again, this is a stopping place. Do not go forward until this is complete. If you are happy with the metric assessment, you can move to Step 4 . STEP 4 - Finalise your annnotation Step 4a : Create proper file formats (ENA GFF3 format r ecommendations). Consider to change the Identifiers produced by the different gene annotation tools (e.g., gene-1) for a more meaningful Identifier (SpeciesCode+AssemblyVersion+Chr/Scf/Ctg-XXX+G+YYYYYY). Step 4b: Provide this annotation to Ensembl as a second track (via GFF3 submission to ENA) and go back to Step 1f. 1. Before you start 2. Do you want to do your own annotation? 3. Evaluate your Annotation 4. Finalise your Annotation

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OUR PARTNER PROJECTS ERGA is the pan-European partner of the Earth Biogenome Project (EBP) Regional Partners: French Atlas of Marine Genomes (ATLASea) Earth Biogenome Project Norge (EBP-Nor) Swedish Earth BioGenome Project Worldwide Partners:

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Community Guidelines Data & Tools Sampling Resources ERGA Library Media Community Guidelines & Documents ERGA Governance Document The ERGA Governance Document builds on the initial consortium structure guidelines and defines ERGA bodies, procedures, roles, and responsibilities. On registration, ERGA Members agree to be bound by both the ERGA Code of Conduct and this Governance Document . View More Code of Conduct ERGA is a bottom-up, open and inclusive community. ERGA membership is open to any individual who supports ERGA’s objectives, registers as a member, and agrees to be bound by the ERGA Code of Conduct. View More Privacy Policy As a community connecting researchers working in the field of biodiversity genomics, ERGA is committed to protecting privacy and respecting privacy regulations, as outlined in the ERGA Privacy Policy . View More Open Data Policy This document outlines the Open Data Policy (ODP) for ERGA. This includes all data and metadata produced as part of the activities within and/or associated with ERGA. View More ERGA Publication Project Code of Conduct This document sets out concepts, best practices, and expectations for ERGA Members to follow when engaged in collectively developing publication projects that involve the ERGA community. View More ERGA Glossary This page provides explanations about terms and acronyms often used within ERGA and in the context of Biodiversity Genomics. View More Community Guidelines Sampling Resources ERGA Sample Manifest ERGA aims to promote and facilitate ethical and legal sampling practices that are also complete and comprehensive so as to fully document the provenance of all samples. The ERGA Sample Manifest serves as the community standard for documenting sampling. View More Community Interest Species Survey From late 2021 to early 2023 ERGA conducted a community-wide survey to identify species of interest and potential sample providers; the archived list contains ~1700 species of interest. View More sampling-resources Data & Tools ERGA Data Portal Access the Data Portal and Status Tracker here . These resources are developed together with EMBL-EBI and provide the latest information about data available at the European Nucleotide Archive for all species registered under the ERGA umbrella project. View More ERGA Genome Tracking Console (GTC) The purpose of this tool is to facilitate the tracking of samples, sequencing status, assembly and annotation status, and facilitate the deposition of data into the ENA by keeping track of accession numbers. View More ERGA GoaT Page The Genomes on a Tree (GoaT) platform is mantained by the Wellcome Sanger Institute. GoaT helps coordinate efforts across the Earth Biogenome Project (EBP) Network at all stages from planning through sequencing and assembly to publication. View More ERGA GitHub Through community contributions, ERGA is working towards collecting computational workflows, pipelines, and tutorials in the ERGA GitHub Repositories . View More ERGA WorkflowHub Space Through community contributions, ERGA is working towards collecting computational workflows, pipelines, and tutorials in the ERGA WorkflowHub space. View More Galaxy / Genome Assembly View More Structural Annotation Guide A step-by-step guide on how to annotate protein-coding genes in your genome. Developed by the Annotation Committee. View More Guidelines on data submission - ENA This document provides summary of the key steps for submitting raw reads and genome assemblies (including annotations) to the European Nucleotide Archive. Developed by the IT and Infrastructure Committee. View More data-software Media For more information regarding the ERGA brand or other media inquiries please contact us at media@erga-biodiversity.eu. Logo - Transparent PNG ERGA Poster ERGA Banner ERGA YOUTUBE CHANNEL In the ERGA YouTube Channel you will find a number of resources such as recordings of previous seminars, workshops and interviews. Don't forget to subscribe to our channel to stay updated about upcoming events! media-resources ERGA-Consortium Play Video Play Video 38:59 The impact of population structure in identifying local adaptation 🧬 Learn more about #ERGA & join us today! https://www.erga-biodiversity.eu Play Video Play Video 23:30 Squalomix: Genomic Decoding of the Underwater Life of Sharks and Rays 🧬 Learn more about #ERGA & join us today! https://www.erga-biodiversity.eu Play Video Play Video 04:14 Community-Driven Reference Genomes: Getting to Know Cistus crispus 🧬 Learn more about #ERGA & join us today! https://www.erga-biodiversity.eu Play Video Play Video 16:46 Analysing the genomic basis of vectorial capacity and insecticide resistance in Culex species 🧬 Learn more about #ERGA & join us today! https://www.erga-biodiversity.eu Play Video Play Video 11:46 From Permits to Samples – An ERGA Community Writing Project How do you turn many individual experiences, workflows, and challenges into something the whole community can use? In this talk, Katja introduces the newly published ERGA SSP paper From Permits to Samples, showing how a large collaborative effort was turned into practical guidance for reference genome generation. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.70100 🧬 Learn more about #ERGA & join us today! https://www.erga-biodiversity.eu Play Video Play Video 17:09 Biodiversity Genomics Europe in Numbers: Sampling, Processing, and Community Lessons Learned What does it take to move from a biological specimen to a sequence-ready sample? In this video, Rita Monteiro presents the work of BGE WP5, which helped connect sample providers, specimens, sequencing centres, and metadata workflows across the community. Alongside a summary of activities and progress, the presentation also reflects on community engagement with the ERGA Manifest and the lessons learned along the way. 🧬 Learn more about #ERGA & join us today! https://www.erga-biodiversity.eu Play Video Play Video 04:22 Community-Driven Reference Genomes: Getting to Know Leviellus thorelli In this video, Matjaz Gregoric Leviellus thorelli, one of the species selected for sequencing as part of Biodiversity Genomics Europe. This session focuses on getting to know the species and how reference genome generation can support future research. 🧬 Learn more about #ERGA & join us today! https://www.erga-biodiversity.eu Play Video Play Video 24:18 Actions and Plans for Genomes on a Tree (GoaT): Addressing ERGA Feedback (Cibele Sotero-Caio) https://www.erga-biodiversity.eu/post/addressing-erga-community-feedback-actions-and-plans-for-genomes-on-a-tree-goat #erga Genomes on a Tree (GoaT) is a searchable datastore of genome-relevant metadata for eukaryotic species based on aggregated information on completed sequencing efforts (e.g. assembly metrics) and metadata dispersed across specialised databases (e.g. karyotype, genome size, country lists, etc.). GoaT collates information on sequencing intent and progress across more than 40 Earth BioGenome Project affiliates, including several initiatives under the ERGA umbrella (e.g. ATLASea, DToL, ERGA-Pilot, ERGA-BGE, Yggdrasil). GoaT generates summary values at species level by collating all existing observations for a taxon. At higher taxonomic ranks, summaries are inferred from aggregation of observed values across descendant taxa. When species-level data are unavailable, GoaT estimates values based on observations from related taxa sharing a common ancestor. On the GoaT web site, estimated values are visualised through colour-coded, thermometer-style icons, allowing users to identify interpolated data and evaluate the suitability of any estimates for their particular use case according to how far up the phylogenetic tree the underlying estimates originate. These inferred values have proven valuable for production genomics, helping to guide the allocation of sequencing resources, as well as informing expectations about genomic features in poorly characterised taxa. As the GoaT user base continues to expand, the flexible design of the resource does not always align with the expectations or needs of all user groups, particularly non-specialist users. To address this, the GoaT team collaborated with the ERGA communications team to design and disseminate a user survey aimed at: (1) characterising the GoaT user base among ERGA members, (2) identifying key challenges faced by users, and (3) collecting feedback to improve usability and user experience. Survey insights informed the development of a targeted strategy to address identified issues, clarify common misunderstandings, and produce tutorials and support materials. In this talk, I will present the actions taken in response to ERGA community feedback, outline current plans, and demonstrate how users can engage with the GoaT team to contribute and request content as we work to maximise the usability of the resource.

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Social Justice Committee Social Justice Committee Definition Generating high-quality eukaryotic reference genomes is transforming our understanding of biology and evolution. The process of developing this resource so that it has long-term utility is complex and intricate, requiring not only technical and scientific expertise but also the integration of social justice principles. These data will have a significant impact on society, making the incorporation of social justice principles essential. In the ERGA community research setting, social justice means treating everyone fairly and ensuring that individuals from all backgrounds can benefit from our research. Key components of this process include diversity in research participation, fair distribution of research benefits, adherence to high ethical standards, dissemination of research findings to a broad audience, and fostering an inclusive and supportive research environment. The ERGA Social Justice Committee is dedicated to embedding justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion principles into every aspect of eukaryotic genome production, from sampling to results dissemination. This committee serves as an ethical compass for ERGA members, guiding the community to ensure that every step in the genome generation pipeline is conducted with social responsibility and respect for diversity. We aim to ensure both scientific rigor and social responsibility in our guidelines for generating high-quality reference genomes by integrating these principles. Authors in alphabetical order Chiara Bortoluzzi, Christian de Guttry, James Fleming, Fabrizio Ghiselli, Jennifer Leonard, Rebekah Oomen Objectives Promoting Diversity In ERGA, diversity is multifaceted, encompassing the composition of research teams with individuals from diverse backgrounds and expertise, the variety of taxa sequenced and their geographical origins, as well as the involvement of stakeholders and citizen scientists. This approach ensures research methodologies and outcomes reflect nature's extensive diversity. Ensuring Equity Equity in ERGA is about providing equal access to resources and opportunities across all individuals, communities, countries, and research institutions. It particularly aims to include those historically underrepresented or marginalised. Transfer of Knowledge is integral to this effort, ensuring broad participation in this research. Advancing Inclusion Inclusion involves creating a research environment that values and welcomes the contributions of all, aiming to promote a setting in which every participant can thrive and deliver their maximum potential. To achieve this, we focus on enhanced communication tools, aiming to ensure everyone feels comfortable and supported. Upholding Justice ensuring genomic research processes are available to interested researchers. It also means recognizing and addressing traditional social inequalities affecting current research practices. Application in High-Quality Reference Genome Generation Diversity Sequencing: Allocate sequencing capacity to underrepresented taxa to broaden biodiversity knowledge. Collaboration: Establish diverse consortia to ensure broad geographic representation in genomic research initiatives. Promote gender equality in research teams and leadership positions within genomic projects. Outreach: Develop educational materials on genomics tailored to different academic backgrounds, ages, cultures, and languages. Equity Sample collection : Ensure equitable access to the benefits from genetic resources for source countries and communities, in line with the Access and Benefit Sharing framework (ABS) and the Nagoya Protocol. Ensuring, where possible, equitable access to the field for researchers with diverse needs. Wet lab: Partner with local labs in sample-origin countries to build capacity and share expertise. Sequencing : Offer training programs and protocol sharing in sequencing techniques for scientists from all backgrounds. Genome assembly: Provide open-source software and pipelines together with cloud-based computational resources for researchers who need access to bioinformatic support and computing power. Publishing : Encourage open access availability, either through open access publication or deposition of versions of papers in open access repositories. Technology transfer: Facilitate the transfer of cutting-edge genomic technologies to laboratories in low-income countries; Provide legal and technical assistance to navigate regulations. Inclusion Sample collection: Implement informed consent protocols that respect Indigenous and local communities' rights and traditions. Empower the efforts of local taxonomic experts alongside those communities throughout the sample collection process. Publishing: Adopt open-access policies for publishing results, making information freely available to the community as soon as possible. Data sharing: Facilitate and encourage the rapid sharing of data in global databases that are freely accessible and FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable), promoting data democracy. Capacity building: Establish mentorship programs connecting established scientists with emerging European-based researchers. In this way, we aim to encourage the development of a new generation of scientists with a representative and diverse mix of abilities, genders, ethnicities, cultural and economic backgrounds, and geographical origins. Community engagement: Acknowledging the diverse contributions made beyond those in academia - universities/ museums/ research institutions - particularly those from local communities and underrepresented groups at all steps of the process from sampling to genome generation and appropriately recognizing their participation. Outreach: Host public science events in biodiversity genomics in diverse geographical locations to spread awareness and foster interest. Ensuring scientific events are organised in a way that is inclusive and accessible, both physically and socially. Social Justice Relevance: Acknowledging that both research and its outcomes could disproportionately affect specific communities within Europe, we commit to responsibly using outreach, engagement, and communication channels to center local communities impacted by biodiversity loss and anthropogenic environmental change, which are directly addressed in the ERGA remit. Personal data sharing: Ensure that data-sharing practices respect the privacy and rights of individuals and communities represented in the data. Ethics: Regularly review external bodies' ethical guidelines to address emerging issues related to social justice in genomics and strive to position ERGA to be as inclusive as possible. Sustainability: Research and implement sustainable laboratory and computational practices to reduce waste and energy consumption; Evaluate the long-term environmental impact of genomic research activities and develop strategies to mitigate negative effects. Conclusion Achieving the broad goals of social justice, diversity, equity, and inclusion in genomic research presents significant challenges. One major hurdle is the intrinsic resource and infrastructure disparities across different European regions. This discrepancy limits access to advanced genomic technologies, computational resources, and skilled personnel. This widens the gap between well-funded institutions in Strengthening countries and less-funded ones in Widening countries. It is also imperative to note that the historical underrepresentation of some groups and species in genomic studies poses ethical and logistical challenges when redressing these imbalances. The complexities of integrating diverse biological samples, especially from Indigenous and marginalised communities, require sensitive, informed consent processes and benefit-sharing arrangements that respect both legal frameworks and ethical considerations. Furthermore, incorporating a wide range of species and their geographical origins into research necessitates a collaborative effort, which geopolitical, financial, and linguistic barriers can hamper. There are as many solutions to these challenges as there are issues themselves. Fostering international collaborations sharing resources, knowledge, and skills is a key strategy for building capacity in underrepresented regions and marginalised groups. Initiatives like cloud-based computational resources, open-source software, and open-access publishing models can democratise access to genomic research tools and findings. Furthermore, engaging local communities in the research process, from planning through to publication, ensures that projects are culturally sensitive and ethically sound, while also facilitating the equitable sharing of benefits. Education and outreach, tailored to diverse audiences, can raise awareness and foster a more inclusive next generation of genomic researchers. Ultimately, the path to achieving Social Justice in genomic research is ongoing and requires a commitment to continuous reflection, adaptation, and action towards these ideals.